HomeMy WebLinkAboutSalvage and Overhaul Guide Fresno Fire Department
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Fresno Fire Department Salvage and Overhaul Guide
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 4
STRATEGIC PRIORITIES ......................................................................................... 5
TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................ 7
SALVAGE EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................... 10
Hallway Runners, Carry-Alls, Salvage Covers .............................................. 11
Station Salvage Cover Inventory ................................................................... 12
Working with Salvage Covers ....................................................................... 13
Tubs and Puddle Catchers ............................................................................ 14
Waterproof Folds ........................................................................................... 19
Care and Maintenance .................................................................................. 19
Folding Salvage Covers ................................................................................ 20
Salvage Master ............................................................................................. 25
Commercial Wet Vacuum .............................................................................. 28
Smithway Submersible Pump ....................................................................... 31
Shutgun Sprinkler Shut Off Tool .................................................................... 32
OVERHAUL ............................................................................................................. 34
Personal Protective Equipment ..................................................................... 34
Positive Pressure Ventilation ......................................................................... 34
Searching for Hidden Fires ............................................................................ 36
Pulling Ceilings .............................................................................................. 37
Windows and Doors ...................................................................................... 37
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Walls ............................................................................................................. 37
Roofs ............................................................................................................. 37
CARBON MONOXIDE, HYDROGEN CYANIDE MONITORING ............................. 39
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 40
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INTRODUCTION
Salvage is the protection of buildings and their contents from unnecessary damage
due to water, smoke, heat, and other elements. A significant amount of fire loss is
created during extinguishment operations and other events after the fire has been con-
trolled. We can do little to prevent direct loss caused by fire and its by-products.
However, through aggressive and efficient salvage operations, performed as early as
time and personnel permit, we may greatly reduce the total loss of property and provide
for quality customer service.
By the nature of our job, some suppression tasks will result in damage to a structure
(ventilation, forcible entry, the use of hose streams, etc. It is the fire department’s
responsibility from forcible entry at the beginning of a call, through the final stages of
overhaul, to control damage in order to keep the occupants’ losses to a minimum.
The success or failure of salvage operations can be directly attributed to the degree in
which firefighters have trained with salvage equipment and techniques as well as those
same firefighters’ past experiences; both successful and unsuccessful. It is a combi-
nation of this familiarity mixed with thinking ingenuity, and past experiences that will
enable effective and timely salvage operations on the fireground.
It is important to remember that salvage remains an essential function of the fire service
to minimize property loss. Victims of a fire will recognize the fire department’s efforts
when irreplaceable personal belongings and other contents are saved through salvage
work. Successful salvage can be accomplished by a small number of well trained and
well-prepared fire personnel. EFFECTIVE SALVAGE = GOOD PUBLIC RELATIONS.
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STRATEGIC PRIORITIES
Strategic priorities relating to salvage operations will be dictated by the type of incident
(fire, flood, etc.). Factors that must be considered may include, but are not limited to:
• Type of structure.
• Size of structure.
• Progression of the incident at the time of arrival.
• Value of contents.
• Fire sprinklers and other automatic suppression systems.
• Possible locations of records and files (including computers).
• Personnel available.
• Salvage equipment available.
• Occupancy type/business operations.
Actual vs. expected
• Regardless of the occupancy use or type, salvage strategic opera-
tions may not be dissimilar to rescue priorities and methods. Many
times (but not always), active salvage operations performed early in
the incident, closest to the primary source of damage (fire, water,
smoke) can have the greatest impact. Passive, quick operations dis-
tant to the fire such as simply closing a door can be not only an effec-
tive (albeit potentially temporary) salvaging method but extremely ef-
ficient as well, allowing for the expenditure of more resources on
property that is in a more susceptible position or location. When
loosely comparing to rescue operations, think sheltering in place ver-
sus active victim removal.
• Residential – Start with the irreplaceable belongings such as photo-
graphs, jewelry, medications, and other sentimental items. Then
move on to clothing and essentials, followed by furniture bedding, etc.
Take care to consider how well an item or material will stand up to the
method of salvage: covering vs. removal.
• Commercial – Give priority to any bookkeeping materials and other
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records that include computers and filing cabinets, and then move on
to merchandise.
• Industrial – As with commercial, consider records first. Then pay at-
tention to any valuable machinery and raw materials.
An effective salvage operation begins with a good scene size-up as part of a coordi-
nated attack. Size-up of an incident must be made to gather information on what needs
to be done and how it will be accomplished. Salvage size-up can begin as early as
pre-planning buildings to identify areas that may be a salvage priority. This size-up
needs to be considered prior to dispatch and included in all phases of the fireground
operation. Salvage size-up includes the following steps:
• Facts – nature of the incident, type of occupancy and type of building construc-
tion.
• Probabilities – estimation of progress, possible hazards, weather, etc.
• Available Resources – type and quantity of necessary of resources and per-
sonnel to perform effectively.
• Decisions – what are the objectives that need to be accomplished?
• Plan of Operation – How will the objective be accomplished?
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TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Controlling damage at the scene of the incident is the goal of effective salvage. To
achieve this goal, crew members should train and become proficient in all operations
relating to the following:
• Forcible Entry – Know how to gain access with the least amount of damage
as possible. Ensure that the amount of damage is warranted by the urgency
of the situation. If there is no sign of immediate life hazard and no significant
signs of fire, consider a less destructive means of gaining entry.
• Ventilation – Ventilation will assist in lessening damage due to its ability to
confine the fire and other damaging products to a confined area. The rapid
removal of heat and other products of combustion can significantly lower the
amount of direct fire loss, given appropriate coordination with fire attack. Clos-
ing doors may block a significant amount of heat and smoke from extending
to other areas of the structure. If no door exists, rolled plastic or salvage co-
vers are a possibility for a temporary curtain. Horizontal/positive pressure ven-
tilation is another way to limit damage to a structure (Refer to Ventilation Guide
positive pressure ventilation).
• Application of Water – Managing a hose stream is not thought of as a function
of salvage work. However, applying water at the wrong time, from the wrong
place, with the wrong nozzle pattern during suppression/overhaul operations,
can cause a significant amount of preventable damage. Every attempt should
be made to locate the seat of the fire, and only apply as much water as is
necessary to control the situation. Pressurized water cans may be considered
to control a small incipient fire before hose lines are put in place.
• Shutting off/plugging/diverting sprinkler heads – Once the fire is no longer a
threat; a flowing sprinkler head(s) should be clamped or plugged as soon as
possible, and the system shut down. FFD has several different sprinkler
clamps that can be used (Shutgun, and standard sprinkler clamp). A set of
narrow wedges can also work. As this is accomplished locate the sprinkler
riser, open the main drain, and close the riser. Be aware that a large amount
of water will be discharging from the main drain until the system is shut down.
The valves on the riser will be locked in the open position. If keys are unavail-
able force the lock or chain to access the main valve on the sprinkler system.
The riser may also be in a locked enclosure which may have to be forced—be
prepared. Some systems have area control valves that can isolate areas of
the system. Sometimes the flow from a sprinkler simply cannot be stopped
quickly. Possible temporary solutions include a 2 1/2” fire hose unrolled and
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slipped over the sprinkler head to condense and divert the water flow, contain-
ers found on site, construction of chutes and catch basins utilizing long han-
dled tools, ladders, and salvage covers.
• Water Removal – Methods used to remove water from a structure are only
limited by the amount of personnel salvage equipment on hand and the inge-
nuity of the crew. Do not waste time saving goods that have already been
damaged.
In multiple story buildings, salvage may need to be initiated on lower floors
prior to starting on the fire involved floor. Eventually, the water will pool on the
floor and will need to be dealt with and the most effective way to manipulate
water is by either pushing it or sucking it up. Pushing it is typically done with
a squeegee operation although push brooms will also work.
A plan must be in place identifying where this water is ultimately going into a
natural low spot in the floor where it is sucked up with a water vacuum (Sal-
vage Master, Commercial Wet Vac., Smithway submersible pump) down a hall
where it is pushed out an exterior door, into a common stairwell or into a bath-
room where it is squeegeed directly down a floor drain. Another option is to
remove a toilet to create a drain in the floor; consider if this may be more trou-
ble than it is worth or may cause additional repairs. Rolled or folded tarps or
hallway runners can also be used as dikes either keeping water from entering
a room or area or directing it to another area.
• Overhaul – Effective overhaul will also limit the loss to the occupant and struc-
ture. An overhaul crew can sometimes recover valuables that otherwise may
have been written off as a loss. Businesses have been able to reopen quicker
when firefighting crews have recovered files and important papers before they
were destroyed.
• Covering of Goods and Materials – In order to be effective, this operation must
begin as early in the incident as possible. Before covering begins, consider:
➢ Can the valuables be moved to a safe place eliminating the need for
covering?
➢ Are there enough plastic or salvage covers to effectively cover all the
valuables?
➢ Are the valuables you intend to salvage already lost to fire, smoke, or
water?
Although traditional salvage covers prove to be valuable, rolled plastic covers are also
an advantage because large quantities can be stored easily on the apparatus; it can
be left on the scene, and is more cost effective than traditional salvage covers. Plastic
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can also be attached by using only a stable gun. This makes plastic an effective tool
to cover doorways or cover the floor of a room prior to ceiling being pulled.
Keep in mind, however, that although traditional salvage covers are far from fire resis-
tive, their construction affords them a small amount of protection against embers
whereas plastic covers are incredibly sensitive to heat and must be considered and
dealt with accordingly during salvage and overhaul operations.
Plastic covers should be a strong consideration in the following situations:
• Used as an additional vapor barrier under a salvage cover.
• In areas where a large square footage of goods needs to be covered.
• Valuables will be covered for an extensive period.
• Covered materials will need to remain covered even after the incident is over.
• For covering valuables on floors below the incident.
It is seldom possible to cover everything of value, so judgment must be used as to what
is most valuable and where the damage is likely to be most severe. Operations should
begin where the greatest loss is expected. Property owners are usually eager to point
out what objects they would want saved or protected first. Smaller items from closets
and cupboards can be placed on beds or other larger objects to be covered.
If possible, move items into one close pile that may be covered by a single salvage
cover. Care must be used when covering glass showcases. Materials on top of cases
should be put inside if possible or laid flat on top of a counter.
It is most important to make every effort to protect electronic equipment such as copi-
ers, computers, and printers. Files and paperwork are very important to most busi-
nesses. When possible, remove file cabinets and boxes of files if the owner is there to
secure or take possession of them.
Many items will absorb water if left on the floor. Pallets or other means can be used to
get materials off the floor in warehouses or commercial businesses. Cans of food or
other water resistive/disposable items may be used in a residence for the same pur-
poses. Four (4) appropriately placed cans of food could conceivably save a sofa from
wicking water up its feet and ruining it.
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SALVAGE EQUIPMENT
Salvage Equipment Found on FFD Engines
• Canvas Salvage Cover
• Rip Stop Salvage Cover
• Carryall
• Hallway Runner
• Sprinkler Head Shutoff
Salvage Found on FFD Trucks
• Canvas Salvage Covers
• Rip Stop Salvage Covers
• Carryalls
• Hallway Runners
• Salvage Master Water Vacuum with Carpet & Squeegee Head
• Long-Handle Shovel, Round Point
• Long-Handle Shovel, Square Point
• D-Handle Scoop Shovels
• Short D-Handle Shovel, Round Point
• Short D-Handle Shovel, Square Point
• Squeegees, 30”
• Staple Gun
• Roll of Plastic
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Hallway Runners, Carry-Alls, Salvage Covers
Hallway Runner
Hallway runners (also referred to as stairway runners) are made of canvas and are
long and narrow 3 feet by 15 feet to facilitate salvage operations in hallways or other
high-traffic areas. Hallway runners are not marked.
Carryall
Carryalls are made of heavy canvas, approximately 4-1/2 feet square, and have han-
dles at each corner. Carryalls have a variety of uses including, but not limited to,
carrying debris, protecting victims during auto extrication operations, and moving a
victim or patient. Carryalls are not marked.
Salvage Covers
Salvage covers (also referred to as tarps) are constructed of waterproof canvas and
are 12 feet wide and 18 feet long. They weigh approximately 20 pounds and have
grommets appropriately spaced around the perimeter to be used for hanging or secur-
ing them in position.
Note: Nails or other implements will not be driven or punched through
salvage covers.
Accountability
Hallway runners, carryalls, and salvage covers are assigned to stations.
Salvage covers utilize a numbering system incorporating a two-digit station number
and a salvage cover letter for easy identification. Hallway runners and carryalls do
not utilize a numbering system and have no markings.
Example: Salvage covers for Station 5 should be marked as follows:
05A, 05B, 05C, and 05D.
This numbering system should be clearly marked on all four corners (one side only)
and in the center of the salvage cover to assist in easy identification of a properly folded
salvage cover (Figure 1). To assist civilians in identifying the ownership of salvage
covers left at incident scenes, the words “Fresno Fire” should be stenciled below the
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center number (Figure 2).
Figure 1
Figure 2
When the re-assignment of a front-line or relief apparatus causes the salvage cover
inventory assigned to a particular station to change, the hose and tarp station should
be notified. The hose and tarp station will confirm the change and direct the company
to route the extra salvage covers to the station or to re-assign numbers to the salvage
covers. If identification numbers need to be changed, the original identification num-
bers may be painted over with white paint and the new numbers stenciled over the
painted area.
Station Salvage Cover Inventory
All stations are issued salvage covers and rip stop poly tarps based on the number and
type of apparatus assigned to the station. The following salvage cover and rip stop
poly tarp inventory should be used:
• One (1) salvage cover per fire engine assigned to the station (front line and
reserve)
• Five (5) salvage covers per fire truck assigned to the station (front line and
reserve)
• Two (2) additional salvage covers for each front-line engine assigned to the
station
• Five (5) additional salvage covers for each front-line truck assigned to the sta-
tion
• One (1) rip stop poly tarp per fire engine assigned to the station
• Two (2) rip stop poly tarps per fire truck assigned to the station
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• One (1) additional rip stop poly tarp per front-line fire engine assigned to the
station
• Two (2) additional rip stop poly tarps per front-line fire truck assigned to the
station
Note: No additional salvage covers will be assigned to stations for re-
serve apparatus.
Salvage covers carried on apparatus should be logged in and may be identified by
referencing the Apparatus Primary Inventory (API) Program or API log (also referred
to as the Hose and Tarp Page) carried in the Apparatus Information Book of all in-
service emergency response vehicles (See Training and Equipment Manual, Section
310.003a, Apparatus Primary Inventory (API) Program).
Note: Change of salvage covers, when made, should be recorded in
the Apparatus Primary Inventory (API) section of the Apparatus
Information Book.
In addition to engines and trucks, the Breathing Support 1 (BRS 1) vehicle carries four
(4) salvage covers. These salvage covers are identified as Shop A, B, C, D, and may
be used to restock depleted inventories at emergency scenes.
Note: BRS 1 is not to be requested for the sole purpose of providing
salvage covers.
All excess hallway runners, carryalls, and salvage covers may be routed to the hose
and tarp station.
Working with Salvage Covers
Salvage covers can be used for many applications during salvage operations, including
channeling water to a desired location, forming a “tub” for water supply operations,
making a “puddle catcher” to control leaking water, or covering items in a dwelling to
protect them from smoke and water damage.
Utilizing salvage covers to protect a large area requires organization and generally at
least two firefighters to deploy. There are numerous ways salvage covers may be
deployed to protect property. Some of these methods are illustrated on the following
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pages. These illustrations are intended to serve as a base to work from and are not
meant to restrict firefighters in performing salvage operations. (IPE video 316.034)
Start salvage cover work where water is leaking and proceed away from that point in
the direction of water travel. Expect water to first leak from light fixtures or through
seams in the ceiling. Occasionally, holes are made in ceilings to relieve the weight of
the water and prevent the ceiling from falling. Cover the room contents and position
water chutes or tubs before holes are made.
In residences, one or two salvage covers per room are usually sufficient. Move all
items to be covered to a central location (beds, sofas, etc.), cover the items, and wrap
the sides and bottom (refer to below drawings). Usually salvage covers must be un-
folded and not thrown or ballooned over objects inside of homes.
There are three important points to keep in mind when covering stairs to protect from
water damage:
1. A channel must be provided for water to flow down the stairs.
2. Firefighters will be walking up and down the stairs.
3. If using multiple runners, ensure the “uphill” canvas runner is on top of
the “downhill” one to ensure water is not directed underneath the “down-
hill” hallway runner.
One easily accomplished method is to fold the salvage cover approximately two feet
wider than the stairway, roll the edges, carry it up the stairway, work from the bottom,
and fold it to conform to the configuration of the steps. Then adjust the edges to keep
water within. There is no need to make a waterproof fold on stairs, just overlap the
salvage cover by the length of at least two steps (see illustrations).
Often, the protection of personal property requires units to leave salvage covers at the
scene of an incident. Consider using rolled plastic or rip stop poly tarps. Leaving
salvage covers should only be done when necessary and typically should be limited to
48-hour periods. If, after 48 hours, a need to protect personal belongings from water
damage still exists (e. g., vent hole or other roof damage during the rainy season),
crews should consider replacing the salvage cover with plastic.
Tubs and Puddle Catchers
Tubs are designed to provide a water source during water shuttle operations when
hydrants or other water sources are not readily available. They can also be used as a
catch basin. Puddle catchers are designed to catch water and prevent water damage.
They are quickly and easily constructed and can conform to the conditions presented.
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An example of a tub (Figure 3) and puddle catcher (Figure 4) is illustrated below.
Figure 3
Figure 4
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The following illustrations (Figures 5 – 10) demonstrate options to cover furniture,
hallways, and stairs with the salvage covers.
Figure 5
Figure 6
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Figure 7
Figure 8
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Figure 9
Figure 10
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Waterproof Folds
Waterproof folds are often needed to
connect two hallway runners or sal-
vage covers together when protecting
property from water damage. (Fig-
ures 11 - 12)
The waterproof fold begins by folding
the end of the first cover 18 inches
back on itself. A second cover is then
laid on top of and even with the end of
the first fold.
The two covers are then folded nine
inches back towards the second cover
and then folded nine inches again in,
the same direction, forming a water-
proof fold.
Folds are to be made so water may be
pushed or swept over the fold, not into
the fold.
Note: Water will flow from the
first cover towards the second.
Figure 11
Figure 12
Care and Maintenance
Hallway runners, carryalls, and salvage covers are to be used at emergency incidents
and should be thoroughly examined, checked for damage, washed, and hung to dry
within 24 hours of use.
Note: To inspect for holes, hold them up to the light and look for light
rays penetrating on the shadow side. Once clean and dry, circle
any holes with chalk and route to the shop using a wired repair
tag (FD-037) and enter on the Record of Equipment Disburse-
ment for Repair Form (FD-46, Section 106.053).
Once dried and determined to be free of holes, they will be properly folded and stored.
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Folding Salvage Covers
Salvage covers will be clean and dry before folding and storage to prevent mildew.
Generally, this is a two-person operation. A cleaner “finish” may be obtained by
sweeping the folds flat using a push broom or similar tool between steps.
1. Completely open salvage cover (Figure 13).
Figure 13
2. Fold the outside edge over to the center of salvage cover (Figure 14).
Figure 14
3. Bring the fold over to the center of the salvage cover (Figure 15).
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Figure 15
4. Fold the other half of the salvage cover in the same manner (Figure 16).
Figure 16
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5. Fold one end to just short of the center of salvage cover (Figure 17).
Figure 17
6. Again, fold edge to center of cover, aligning with first fold (Figure 18).
Figure 18
7. Once again, bring folded edge to center of cover, aligning with previous
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folds (Figures 19 - 20).
Figure 19
Figure 20
8. Fold the other end in a similar manner, leaving about four inches between
the set of folds
9. The space between the folds will serve as a hinge; rotate one set of folds
over on top of the other to complete the fold. The completed fold is shown
below (Figures 21 - 23)
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Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
The completed fold does not require securing devices such as rubber bands (Figure
24).
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Figure 24
This folding method allows firefighters to deploy the tarp, even in confined spaces,
simply by placing the bundle in the center of the area to be covered and unfolding it
equally in all directions.
Salvage Master (IPE video 316.027)
The Salvage Master backpack-style, wet vacuum (Figure 25) is carried on all truck
companies. It is designed for fast, efficient removal of water and ashes from all types
of floors, carpets, and confined spaces. The unit consists of three main assemblies.
1. Motor-head assembly with a grounded cord, an on/off switch, and a
hinged Styrofoam check valve.
2. Tank and backpack assembly with pick-up and disposal hose.
3. Pick-up wand, squeegee, and carpet tool.
Figure 25
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The Salvage Master is a wet pick-up vacuum designed to be worn backpack-style
when being operated. The user must follow certain operating procedures to ensure
the unit operates at maximum efficiency.
Operating Instructions
1. Place switch on right side of harness in the snap provided.
2. Loosen harness straps to stops.
3. Use swing-on method by placing right arm through shoulder strap until strap
rests on shoulder.
4. Place left arm inside left strap and swing backpack into position.
5. Hook disposal hose to left shoulder harness hook. Disposal cap must be
in place before operating motor (Figure 26).
Figure 26
6. Attach wand with squeegee or carpet tool (wand has male fitting; attachments
are equipped with threaded ring).
The unit is now ready for operation. The motor switch is located on the right shoulder
harness (Error! Reference source not found.).
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Figure 27
Important: Test wall receptacle with receptacle circuit tester prior to
use (refer to Training and Equipment Manual, Section
308.006 Receptacle Circuit Tester). If wall receptacle
does not test “okay” or if only two wire receptacles are
available, household current will not be used. In these
situations, the portable generator will be used to supply
electrical power. (IPE video 316.025)
When the power supply from a wall receptacle is to be utilized, a “U ground” to twist-
lock adaptor may be required to utilize the wall receptacle.
Caution : Remember you will be working in a wet, well-grounded
area. Care must always be exercised to keep cords and
connectors as dry as possible. Do not operate unit unless
disposal cap is in place.
The capacity of the “Salvage Master” is approximately six (6) gallons of water. It is
equipped with a hinged check valve that floats up with the water level and is drawn into
the air intake. This restricts the air flow and is recognized by a high-pitched whine
from the motor and loss of suction. When this occurs, turn the switch off, unhook the
disposal hose, remove cap (Figure 28), and lower the hose to drain the tank. Replace
cap.
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Figure 28
Note: While this unit is not a water pump, it will fill to capacity in
approximately 17 seconds and empty in approximately nine
(9) seconds from a straight draft.
Care and Maintenance
1. Unsnap motor switch and remove motor assembly after use. Inspect check-
valve assembly for proper operation. Check inlet of motor for debris.
2. Rinse tank with tap water and wipe with a dry cloth.
3. When all parts are dry, replace motor assembly and unit is ready for use. Run
water through wand and hoses after use. Do not allow water to enter motor
housing. Motor is factory lubricated for life.
Commercial Wet Vacuum
The Dayton 4YE62 wet vacuum is a commercial grade shop vacuum, which should be
used for water only. It can be requested and delivered by shop personnel. (Figure 29)
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Figure 29
Operating Instructions
Important: Test wall receptacle with receptacle circuit tester prior to
use (refer to Training and Equipment Manual, Section
308.006 RECEPTACLE CIRCUIT TESTER). If wall re-
ceptacle does not test “okay” or if only two wire recepta-
cles are available, household current will not be used. In
these situations, the portable generator will be used to
supply electrical power.
The start/stop switch is located on the head of the machine. Ensure all three latches
on the head are clamped before operation.
The machine has a ball-float shutoff valve (Figure 30). When the liquid raises the float;
the air stops moving through the machine.
To remove liquid from the tank:
1. Unplug the machine.
2. Push the machine to a drain or suitable dump location.
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3. Unscrew the cap (located at the rear bottom of the unit) and drain the water
(Figure 31).
Figure 30 Figure 31
Care and Maintenance
After each use:
1. Clean the outside of the machine with a clean, dry cloth.
2. Remove the head by unlatching the three latches.
3. Set the vacuum head on its side.
4. Rinse out the tank.
5. Remove the float cage.
6. Remove the foam filter and wash.
7. Replace the filter and cage.
8. Fasten the three latches.
Information
The Dayton 4YE62 wet vacuum is stored at the Fresno Fire Department Fleet Mainte-
nance Facility. The unit can be delivered by shop personnel.
The vacuum consists of a vacuum head, 65-liter tank, cart, vacuum hose, and
wand/head.
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Approximate weight when empty is 45 pounds.
• For more information, access the Operating Instructions and Parts Manual at
the following link: Dayton Electric, Operating Instructions and Parts Manual,
4YE62 and 4YE63 (March 2013).
• Smithway Submersible Pump
Smithway Submersible Pump
The Smithway Submersible Pump is primarily used to extract water from confined or
below-grade areas.
Operation:
Important: Test wall receptacle with receptacle circuit tester prior to
use (refer to Training and Equipment Manual, Section
308.006 Receptacle Circuit Tester). If wall receptacle
does not test “okay” or if only two wire receptacles are
available, household current will not be used. In these
situations, the portable generator will be used to supply
electrical power.
1. Connect a length of 1-1/2-inch hose to the discharge side of the pump. If nec-
essary, attach the rope provided and lower or place the pump in the water to be
removed, ensuring one of the two strainers provided is always attached.
Note: The mushroom strainer will allow water removal down to ap-
proximately one inch in depth.
2. Place the switch in the "off" position and plug in to power receptacle.
3. Turn the power switch to the “on” position and begin water removal.
Note: The waterproof switch is an “off” and “run” toggle switch
containing a fuse and an automatic reset protector. The
fuse provides short-circuit protection only. A blown fuse
indicates serious electrical difficulty that should be corrected
prior to fuse replacement. An automatic reset protector is
installed to prevent damage due to overloads such as a
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locked impeller and requires approximately 30 seconds re-
setting after shutdown. The power cords should be
checked before/after each use for damage and the three ca-
ble gland nuts (one on pump and two on switch) should be
checked to ensure they are tight.
Information
The Smithway Submersible Pump is a three-quarter (3/4) horsepower, 110-volt unit
that is self-priming and designed to operate above or below the water surface. The
pump’s output varies from 115 GPM at zero feet of head pressure to 20 GPM at 30
feet of head pressure and requires approximately 1,000 watts of power.
Shutgun Sprinkler Shut Off Tool
Shutgun is engineered to shut off sprinkler heads including standard, sheared, or bro-
ken, concealed, institutional, and semi-recessed style.
Operation
1. Place the jaws of the Shutgun in the opening of the sprinkler head.
2. Squeeze the Shutgun trigger to spread jaws apart. The Shutgun jaws should fit
tightly between the deflector and the water source. This may require the han-
dles of the Shutgun to be squeezed multiple times reducing or eliminating water
flow from the sprinkler head.
3. Water flow from the activated sprinkler head is shut off/reduced by Shutgun now.
The sprinkler system must be shut off and drained before removing the Shutgun.
4. After water in the sprinkler system is shut off, release the Shutgun by holding
the handles and pressing the release tab/fusible link.
Information
• Shutgun (Figure 32) will be carried in all sprinkler kits on Fresno Fire Depart-
ment Truck Companies.
• Shutgun is engineered to shut off sprinkler heads including standard, sheared,
or broken, concealed, institutional, and semi-recessed style.
• Single hand activation makes it safe and easy to use.
• Shutgun is made from durable cast aluminum.
Fresno Fire Department
February 2021 Page 33
• To view the “How to operate Shutgun” video, click here.
Figure 32
• Sprinkler kit
• Squeegees and mops
• Fans
Fresno Fire Department
February 2021 Page 34
OVERHAUL
Overhaul is the practice of searching a fire scene to detect hidden fires or smoldering
areas that may rekindle and to preserve signs of arson. Overhaul should begin after
the main fire has been knocked down. If the fire is of suspicious origin, only minimal
overhaul should be performed until a Fire Investigator has cleared the area. When
checking for fire extension, careful inspection of wall and ceiling openings should be
made. Care must be exercised not to overlook possible avenues of extension; hidden
fire in void spaces is a frequent cause of rekindle. Every effort must be made to be
certain the fire is totally extinguished to prevent rekindles.
Overhaul operations should follow a set plan or pattern. It is best to start nearest the
area of origin and work out from that point. Personnel should be in full PPE, including
SCBA, during initial overhaul operations and a charged hose line should be in place.
A booster line does a good job putting out small fires and cooling hot spots with a
minimal amount of water in smaller fires or fires in single family dwellings. Larger lines
may be needed in commercial buildings or in residences that require a large quantity
of water and when water damage to the structure and its contents is of little concern or
has been fully mitigated. Care should always be taken to limit water damage to the
building and contents while ensuring a rekindle will not occur.
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) shall (discussion warranted) be worn during the
early stages of overhaul operations. Smoldering material will give off more of the by-
products of combustion than when the fire is free burning. Carbon monoxide has cu-
mulative effects on the body and SCBA’s shall (discussion warranted) be worn until
the area is well ventilated, smoldering contents extinguished, and proper air monitoring
shows that both carbon monoxide (CO) levels and Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) levels are
below their respective critical threshold levels (Section 202.018). The possibility of hot
materials, sharp objects and falling debris is also present. Full head and eye protection
are mandatory for pulling ceilings and opening walls. Company Officers should make
sure all their personnel are in the proper protective clothing for the situation.
Removal of debris as the search for hidden fires is completed helps keep the work area
clear. Materials from walls and ceilings should be moved outside and any smoldering
material extinguished. The material should be placed in a pile outside in one area to
assist the owner and cleanup crews. Customer service should always be a consider-
ation during overhaul and salvage work.
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Overhaul operations are often conducted in conditions that may be tenable yet haz-
Fresno Fire Department
February 2021 Page 35
ardous to personnel. Unless a fire has been TOTALLY extinguished and the con-
taminated structure COMPLETELY ventilated, overhaul operations may be con-
ducted within varying concentrations of smoke, heat, carbon monoxide, and other
toxic gases.
Remember that any carbon monoxide that has been collected at the top of a room or
building (as a result of a fire) may have cooled and settled within the area of overhaul
personnel. Additionally, common building materials retain and radiate heat that has
been generated by a fire. This can result in elevated temperatures during overhaul
operations.
Typically, most blowers are utilized for ventilation operations after the initial knock
down of a fire and prior to overhaul operations. This will allow heat, smoke, and
carbon monoxide to ACCUMULATE during overhaul opérations. Positive pressure
can be utilized during overhaul opérations to provide a flow of fresh-cool air through
the overhaul area. (Figure 33) (IPE video 316.022)
Figure 33
A blower during overhaul will result in the following conditions being improved:
• Radiated heat within the overhaul area will be reduced. Additionally, humidity
is reduced.
• Smoke within the overhaul area can be substantially reduced depending on
the degree of extinguishment within the overhaul area.
• Similar to heat and smoke, concentrations of carbon monoxide and other toxic
gases can be significantly reduced.
Fresno Fire Department
February 2021 Page 36
• It should be noted that gas powered blowers have been shown to introduce
their own carbon monoxide into a building due to blowing its own exhaust gas-
ses into the same structure it is mean to clear out. An exhaust tube extension,
if available, should be used but the only way to truly know if an area is clear of
hazardous gasses is to continuously monitor the air. If a gas blower is contin-
uously introducing unacceptable levels of CO into a structure, a battery pow-
ered electric ventilation fan should be considered.
The effectiveness of using positive pressure during overhaul operations is determined
by the overhaul area, size and overhaul materials, and the blowers that are utilized for
positive pressure. A single 18" blower is adequate for an average (2000 square feet)
single family dwelling. Remember that as the CFM is increased, so is the effective-
ness. A MODERATE movement of air is sufficient to cause smoke, heat, and carbon
monoxide within the overhaul area to move in the direction of an exhaust opening.
Positive pressure does not have a tendency to accelerate or spread fire that may still
be in the overhaul area. However, caution should be exercised when using positive
pressure with smoldering type fires (i.e., mattress, overstuff, etc.) If any fire does begin
to accelerate or spread, it can easily be controlled by:
• Extinguishing the fire.
• Turning the blower 90 degrees away from opening.
• Reducing the RPM of the blower.
• Increasing the distance between the overhaul area and the blower.
• Shutting the blower off.
• Closing a door or changing the path of the blower’s forced air.
Searching for Hidden Fires
To the greatest extent possible, salvage operations and the protection of occupants’
contents should be considered prior to searching for hidden fires, but after the bulk of
the main fire, and any associated extension, has been extinguished. The objective in
searching for hidden fires should be to make a careful check to determine whether the
fire extended to other areas of the structure or is still smoldering in an unseen space.
Before starting a search for hidden fires, it is important to evaluate the condition of the
area to be searched. The intensity of the fire and the amount of water used for control
are two important factors that affect the condition of the building. The extent to which
structural members have been weakened and the additional weight of the water used
to control the fire should be considered for the protection of personnel during overhaul
operations. In room and content fires take a good look at the ceilings and walls. If
they are still intact you may want to look in the attic access before taking down the
Fresno Fire Department
February 2021 Page 37
ceilings. If there is any doubt, begin where a void exists. This may be vent piping in
heater rooms or light fixtures in living quarters.
Wall openings such as switch boxes and light fixtures can also be a path for fire spread.
These areas can be opened first to inspect for evidence of fire extension or smoldering.
Only enough wall, ceiling, or flooring should be removed to ensure there is no exten-
sion. This avoids unnecessary work and damage done during overhaul.
Pulling Ceilings
When pulling down ceilings it is often better to work in shifts. This avoids having too
many people trying to pull ceiling in one room. Insulation material may harbor hidden
fires or smolder for a prolonged period. It is important to check this material thoroughly.
Head and eye protection should always be worn. When pulling down the ceiling ma-
terial do not stand directly under the area you are working on. Have the tool extended
in front of you and pull down so that the material comes down in front of you. You
could work from the farthest point in the room towards the door or exit to keep your exit
route from being blocked by falling debris. An alternative method would be standing
in the relative protection of a doorway to begin pulling ceiling in a room and working in
from there. This allows you to continually work without intact ceiling overhead.
Windows and Doors
When fire has burned around windows or doors, there is a great probability that there
is fire or smoldering still within the frames or casings. These areas must be opened to
ensure complete extinguishment. By simply pulling off the molding to expose these
areas you can see if there are any hot spots. This should be done on both the interior
and exterior.
Walls
Opening walls should include removing paneling, chair rails and other decorative mold-
ing around the wall. Using an axe, begin horizontally until a structural member is found.
Begin a vertical cut with short downward stokes along the stud. This shearing motion
along the stud will cut through both drywall and lath and plaster. A reciprocating saw
can make a very clean cut if a section of wall needs to be removed for investigation.
This will usually leave a symmetrical opening that is easily repaired.
Roofs
Often there are multiple roofs under the most visible one and each layer must be re-
moved and checked for possible fire extension. The removal of all the material ex-
posed to fire that could smolder for a long period of time is not only difficult but also
includes the inherent dangers of working above ground. The material must be re-
Fresno Fire Department
February 2021 Page 38
moved from the roof and cooled on the ground, which creates a danger to those fire-
fighters on the ground from falling debris.
Throughout overhaul removal of debris helps keep the work area clear. Materials from
walls and ceilings should be moved outside and any smoldering material extinguished.
The material should be placed in a pile outside in one area to assist the owner and
cleanup crews. Customer service should always be a consideration during overhaul
and salvage work.
Fresno Fire Department
February 2021 Page 39
CARBON MONOXIDE, HYDROGEN CYANIDE MONITORING
All structure fires should be monitored after the fire is knocked down. Gas detection
meters should not be exposed to active fire conditions. High levels of heat and in-
creased amounts of contaminants can damage the instrument. Monitoring should only
be completed utilizing a Department meter. Meters are located on all truck companies’
hazmat units, and rescue units. If a company with a Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) meter
is not on scene, the incident commander should request a unit with a meter to respond.
The post fire environment is dangerous due to irritants, toxic gases, and carcinogens
in the atmosphere. Carbon Monoxide (CO) and HCN are toxic gases produced during
combustion. They are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and undetectable without the use
of monitoring equipment. SCBAs and PPE will not be removed until the atmosphere
can be monitored and deemed safe.
Environments where HCN is detected at 2 ppm or greater should be considered haz-
ardous and SCBAs utilized.
The Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) for HCN is 4.7 ppm. HCN is immediately dan-
gerous to life and health (IDLH) at 50 ppm.
Environments where CO is detected at 25 ppm or greater should be considered haz-
ardous and SCBAs utilized. The NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) time
weighted average for 10 hours a day over a 40-hour workweek is 35 ppm.
The IDLH for CO is 1200 ppm. Note: If an operational HCN meter is not available at
the scene, a reading of 20 ppm or lower of CO is required in order to operate without
an SCBA.
Fresno Fire Department
February 2021 Page 40
REFERENCES
Administrative Manual
Section 106.048, Wired Repair Tag
Section 106.053, Record of Equipment Disbursement for Repair (FD-46)
Training and Equipment Manual
Section 307.001, Hallway Runners, Carryalls, and Salvage Covers
Section 307.003, Salvage Master
Section 308.006, Receptacle Circuit Tester
Section 308.008, Forced Air Ventilation Equipment
Section 310.003a, Apparatus Primary Inventory (API) Program
Section 310.006, Engine Company Inventory – Standard
Section 310.007a, Truck Company Inventory – Standard
Section 310.008, Tool Kit Inventory-Standard
Section 316.034, Salvage Operations
Section 325.001, Probationary Firefighter Task Book
Individual Performance Evolutions
316.022 Operate Forced Air Ventilation Equipment
316.025 Operate a Generator and Electrical Accessories
316.027 Operate a Salvage Master
316.034 Salvage Operations
Guides
Building Construction Guide
Ventilation Practices Guide